[1] Directive (EU) 2024/927 (AIFMD II), OJ L 2024/927, 26.3.2024. Art. 16a (LMTs), Annex V, transposition 16 Apr 2026.
[2] BaFin, “Unternehmensdatenbank,” accessed Apr 2026. Source for 704 German KVGs.
[3] Kapitalanlagegesetzbuch (KAGB), §1 Abs. 19 Nr. 33. Semi-professional investor.
[4] BaFin, MaRisk Rundschreiben 05/2023 (BA), BTO 1.1. Four-eyes principle.
[5] ESMA, “EU Alternative Investment Funds — 2023 Statistical Report,” ESMA50-524821-3095, Jan 2024.
[6] SteelEye, “Financial Services Fine Tracker 2024,” 15 Jan 2025. BaFin + BfJ: €24.6M (+204% YoY); 35 penalties (−12% YoY).
[7] Kroll, “Global Regulatory Outlook 2021,” 6th ed. 32% of firms spend >5% of revenue on compliance.
[8] SteelEye, “Annual Compliance Health Check Report 2023.” 76% report increased spend; 27% allocate 21-30%. n=309.
[9] Godart, T., “AIFMD Annex IV: The Data Quality Challenge,” Domos by SimCorp, Nov 2023. 340 fields (38 manager + 302 AIF).
[10] OpenSanctions, “EU Financial Sanctions Files” (~5,900) + “UN SC Consolidated” (~2,900), accessed Apr 2026.
[11] Directive (EU) 2024/927, Annex V — LMT catalogue. Min. 2 LMTs for open-ended AIFs (Art. 16(2b)).
[12] CSSF, “AIFM Reporting Dashboard — 31 Dec 2024.” 10,084 AIFs · NAV €2.445T · 94% LU-domiciled · +18% YoY.
[13] CSSF, “Annual Report 2024.” 298 authorised IFMs (146 AIFMs + 152 Ch.15 ManCos) · IFM AUM €7,206.3bn.
[14] ALFI, Luxembourg #2 global fund domicile · ~1,400-1,500 member firms.